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THE MODAL VERBS

THE MODAL VERBS

(Die Hilfszeitwörter)

CAN - MAY - MUST

NO -s after he, she, it

He can speak English. She may go there. It must sleep now.

NO do, does in questions and negation

Can you come? Sorry, I cannot. May he come to your party? No, he must not. She can not come at 10.

Note: As modal verbs don’t have a past form (except can) and a past participle (3^rd form) you can only use them with the present tense. When you use other tenses you have to replace them:

Ersatzformen:	can	→	to be able to
	must	→	have to
	may	→	to be allowed to

CAN – TO BE ABLE TO

I can drive. = I am able to drive.

	Present tense	Past tense	Present perfect	Will - future
I	am able to drive.	was able to drive.	have been able to drive.	will be able to drive.
He, she, it	is able to drive.	was able to drive.	has been able to drive.	will be able to drive.
You, we, they	are able to drive.	were able to drive.	have been able to drive.	will be able to drive.

MUST – HAVE TO

I must learn. = I have to learn.

	Present tense	Past tense	Present perfect	Will – future
I, you, we, they	have to learn.	had to learn.	have had to learn.	will have to learn.
He, she, it	has to learn.	had to learn.	has had to learn.	will have to learn.

MAY – BE ALLOWED TO

I may go out – I am allowed to go out

	Present tense	Past tense	Present perfect	Will – future
I	am allowed to go out.	was allowed to go out.	have been allowed to go out.	will be allowed to go out.
he, she, it	is allowed to go out.	was allowed to go out.	has been allowed to go out.	will be allowed to go out.
you, we, they	are allowed to go out.	were allowed to go out.	have been allowed to go out.	will be allowed to go out.

NOTE:	I may	Ich darf
	I must not	Ich darf nicht
	I must	Ich muss
	I need not	Ich muss nicht